The most effective means to protect against bacterial invasion and to reduce the risk of dangerous infections are antibacterial components synthesis. Preliminary investigations show that hybrid coatings of graphene oxide doped with silver and copper nanoparticles have long-term bactericidal effect on a wide spectrum of standard bacterial strains. In this study the possibilities to use hybrid graphene oxide and metal nanoparticles composites for the inhibition not only standard bacteria, but also clinically important bacteria strains, which have developed multiple resistances to antibiotics, have been investigated. Resistant to antibiotics bacteria often cause dangerous infections in medical institutions of many countries due to the acquired resistance to many classes of antibiotics and the ability to obtain resistance to all antibiotics through mutations. Nanocomposite samples were characterized by TEM and SEM microscopy. The antibacterial activity was evaluated against gram-negative, gram-positive and clinical antibiotics resistant A. baumannii bacteria strains by solutions dilution method. The investigations demonstrated that hybrid nanocomposite shows synergistic mechanism of action and characterizes high efficiency against multidrug-resistant bacteria, such as A. baumannii bacteria strains decrease of viability.

1-Substituted 5-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid and its derivatives play an important role as components of many biologically active molecules. This study describes the synthesis of 1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-5-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid derivatives and their anticancer properties. The target compounds were prepared using 2,4-difluoroniline as a starting material; in this way, derivatives of benzimidazoles, hydrazones and azoles were formed. Investigation of the anticancer activity of all synthesized compounds showed that the hydrazones had the strongest effect on cancer cell lines. Compounds were tested for their cytotoxic effect by the MTT assay in human triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231, prostate adenocarcinoma PPC1, melanoma A375 and human foreskin fibroblasts CRL-4001 after 72 hours of incubation. The impact of the compounds on cancer cell migration was assessed using a 'wound healing assay'. Activity in 3D cultures was determined by evaluating changes in spheroid size and assessing cell viability. Overall, the selected compounds 7b, 9c, 9e, 9f and 10 exhibited greater activity in the A375 cell line and were less active against the MDA-MB-231 cell line. Compounds 9c, 9e and 10 showed relatively higher selectivity for cancer cells over fibroblasts. Hydrazone 9f, bearing N'-(4-methylbenzylidene) moiety, was identifiedasthe most cytotoxic compound in both prostate adenocarcinoma PPC-1 and melanoma A375 cells in monolayer and 3D culture models. Compound 9e, with N'-(4-bromobenzylidene) moiety, exhibited the most pronounced inhibitory effect on cell migration as determined by the 'wound healing' assay.

The growth and development of the maxillofacial complex share a common embryological origin with the cranial base and upper cervical spine; therefore, anomalies in these regions may be linked to variations in the skeletal pattern. This study aimed to evaluate the relationships between the morphological features of the sella turcica bridging, ponticulus posticus, posterior arch deficiency of the first cervical vertebra, known as the atlas, and the cervical vertebral maturation stages and vertical malocclusions. Randomly selected 300 pre-orthodontic treatment patients (aged 7 to 40 years) were divided into groups according to cervical stage (CS1–CS6) and type of vertical malocclusion. According to the study protocol, cephalometric analysis and evaluation of the sella turcica and atlas were performed twice by two researchers under the supervision of a radiologist. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 29.0. Sella turcica bridging was significantly more common in postpubertal patients (58.2%; p < 0.05). Ponticulus posticus and sella turcica bridging occurred more frequently in patients with low mandibular plane angle (43.3% and 51.1%, respectively), whereas atlas posterior arch deficiency occurred more frequently in patients with high mandibular plane angle (24.2%). However, only atlas posterior arch deficiency showed significant difference (p < 0.05). According to logistic regression, patients in the CS6 stage were less likely to have type 1 ponticulus posticus and more likely to have type 2 sella turcica bridging (p < 0.05). Patients with low angle were less likely to have atlas posterior arch deficiency (p < 0.05). Sella turcica bridging and atlas posterior arch deficiency are associated with the skeletal pattern and cervical stage. Sella turcica bridging was more prevalent during the postpubertal period, whereas atlas posterior arch deficiency was more prevalent in those with a high mandibular plane angle.

This study aimed to provide deeper insights into fermentation dynamics, aerobic stability, and bacterial community composition during the short-term ensiling of maize forage with lactic acid bacteria-based inoculants. A 50:50 combination of Lentilactobacillus buchneri DSM2250 and Lactococcus lactis DSM11037 (LBL target application: 150,000 CFU per 1 g forage) was tested alongside an untreated control (C) over fermentation periods of 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 days. A total of 50 3 L mini-silos were filled with 2 kg of fresh maize each and stored at 20 °C. The pH, dry matter, nutrient profiles, volatile fatty acids, lactic acid, alcohols, ammonia-N, microbiological counts (yeast and mold), and aerobic stability of all samples were analyzed after seven days of air exposure. LBL silage showed higher average dry matter content (DMc) and crude protein (CP) levels by 1.5%, p < 0.001, and 10.8%, p < 0.001, respectively, as well as reduced average dry matter (DM) losses by half (p < 0.001) compared to pure silage. The beneficial effects of inoculation became more pronounced with prolonged storage, particularly by day 32 of fermentation. LBL silage showed increased production of lactic and acetic acids by an average of 55.5% and 5.0%, respectively, (p < 0.01) and significantly reduced butyric acid formation by approximately 14 times. Ethanol and ammonia-N concentrations were also reduced by 55.4% and 25.6%, respectively (p < 0.001), while the pH value remained 0.17 units lower (p < 0.001) compared to the control. The combination of the two strains improved silage aerobic stability by 2.4 days (p < 0.001) and extended shelf life by reducing yeast counts (8.02 vs. 7.35 log10CFU g−1 FM, p < 0.001), while maintaining the pH value close to its initial level. Therefore, compared to the untreated control, the inoculated silage exhibited higher nutritional value, reduced fermentation losses, and suppressed undesirable microbial activity. The positive effects of inoculation became increasingly evident over time, particularly by day 32, highlighting the synergistic benefits of using mixed-strain lactic acid bacteria. These findings support the use of LBL inoculants as an effective strategy to enhance short-term silage quality and stability.

Lėtinis atrofinis gastritas – tai ilgalaikio lėtinio skrandžio uždegimo sąlygota skrandžio gleivinės atrofija. Atrofinio gastrito fone vystosi metaplazija žarninio tipo epiteliu, vėliau epitelio displazija ir skrandžio vėžys. Atrofija ir žarninė metaplazija apibūdinamos kaip ikivėžinės būklės. Skrandžio gleivinės atrofija ir žarninė metaplazija yra dažnesnės šalyse, kuriose yra didelis sergamumas skrandžio vėžiu. Atrofinis gastritas laikomas ikivėžine liga, tačiau nėra visiškai aišku, ar galimas atrofijos proceso sustabdymas, ar tai leidžia apsaugoti nuo skrandžio vėžio.

Voice disorders (hoarseness) are a common condition manifesting in almost 10% of the population. The causes of hoarseness can be related to common respiratory diseases and/or to vocal fatigue caused by vocal overload, however it can also be related to functional, behavioral, neurologic factors and both benign and malignant laryngeal tumors. Hoarseness can also be an early symptom of laryngeal cancer. The VoiceScreen app requires the user to perform two simple tasks: 1). Sustain a vowel [a:] sound for 4 seconds, 2) Read the provided sentence. The users’ voice is recorded and then analyzed extracting six acoustic voice function parameters which are then weighted and merged together to provide the user with the Acoustic Voice Quality Index (AVQI) of his/her voice. The value of AVQI as a clinical marker of overall voice quality has already been proven across multiple studies revealing adequate diagnostic accuracy. The AVQI values do not depend on gender and age. The VoiceScreen app calculates and displays the value of AVQI and also provides the user with recommendations based on the test results. The provided recommendations should be taken as guidance on what to do next to help the user’s voice. [...].

Vidutinis trombocitų tūris (MPV-mean platelet volume) yra bendrojo kraujo tyrimo metu nustatomas rodiklis, kuris apibūdina vidutinį trombocitų dydį ir gali būti susijęs su uždegimu bei tromboze. Didesnis MPV yra susijęs su didesne išeminio insulto, ūminio miokardo infarkto, giliųjų venų trombozės bei plaučių arterijų trombembolijos rizika. Tyrimo tikslas - nustatyti MPV sąsajas su lėtiniu prieširdžių virpėjimu (PV) ir periferinių arterijų liga (PAL). Į tyrimą įtraukta 180 pacientų, kurie suskirstyti į grupes: sergančių lėtiniu PV pacientų ir pacientų, kuriems registruotas sinusinis ritmas. Visiems tiriamiesiems apskaičiuotas kulkšnies-žasto indeksas (KŽI), sistolinio arterinio kraujo spaudimo kojose matavimui naudotas 5-MHz dopleris. PAL diagnozuota, kai KŽI gautas <0,9. MPV reikšmės buvo didesnės pacientams sergantiems lėtiniu PV (kontrolinėje grupėje 8,635±1,476 fl, tiriamojoje grupėje 9,131±1,202 fl) (p=0,015). Pacientai, kuriems nustatytas KŽI<0,9 ir MPV>8,55 fl, dažniau sirgo lėtiniu PV nei pacientai, kurių KŽI>0,9, o MPV<8,55 fl (p=0,001). Didesnis MPV buvo susijęs su didesne PAL tikimybe (ŠS 1,608, 95% PI 1,243 – 2,081) (p=0,001) nepriklausomai nuo lyties ir amžiaus (koreguotas ŠS 1,612, 95% PI 1,248 – 2,098) (p=0,001). PAL sergantiems pacientams buvo nustatytas didesnis MPV, kritinė MPV reikšmė - 8,55 fl. MPV reikšmei esant 8,55 fl, rodiklio jautrumas PAL nustatymui buvo 76%, o specifiškumas – 61%.

Mezenterinis panikulitas (MP) – reta patologija, apibūdinama kaip lėtinis, nespecifinis žarnyno pasaito riebalinio audinio uždegimas. Ligos paplitimas – 0,16-2,5 proc. Vyrams ši patologija dažnesnė nei moterims, santykis – 2-3:1. Pagrindinis patogeninis mechanizmas yra nespecifinis uždegiminis atsakas į skirtingus etiologiniuis faktorius, tačiau tikslios priežastys iki šiol nepakankamai ištirtos. Histologiškai išskiriamos trys ligos progresavimo stadijos. Dažniausiai ši liga yra besimptomė ir nustatoma atsitiktinai, kitais atvejais simptomai būna nespecifiniai ir kintami. Kompiuterinė tomografija yra pagrindinis tyrimas MP diagnozei nustatyti. Tiksliai diagnozei patvirtinti reikalinga ekscizinė biopsija ir histologinis tyrimas. Nėra visuotinai priimto sutarimo, kokį gydymą skirti, rekomenduojama gydyti imunomoduliatoriais, priešuždegiminiais, antifibrotiniais vaistais. Chirurginis gydymas gali būti taikomas, jei konservatyvusis gydymas neveiksmingas arba yra gyvybei pavojingų komplikacijų.

„Kardiologijos pagrindai studentams “ apima širdies ir kraujagyslių ligų sindrominę diagnostiką, paciento ištyrimo metodiką, kardiologijoje vartojamų vaistų klinikinę farmakologiją, vaizdinius tyrimo metodus, taip pat atskirų širdies ir kraujagyslių ligų diagnostiką bei gydymą. Jis skirtas medicinos specialybės studentų, taip pat kardiologijos ir kitų vidaus ligų specialybių gydytojų rezidentų mokymui, vidaus ligų, skubiosios pagalbos gydytojų, gydytojų kardiologų bei kitų specialybių gydytojų kvalifikacijos kėlimui.

Mokomoji knyga skirta pirmojo kurso Veterinarinės medicinos studentams, studijuojantiems „Atramos ir judėjimo“ modulį. Osteologija – mokslas apie kaulus – sudaro didelę šio modulio dalį. Šia mokomąja knyga galės naudotis ir studentai, studijuojantys modulio „Gyvybės mokslai – 1“ bendrosios anatomijos dalį. Knyga taip pat bus naudinga aukštesniojo kurso studentams, studijuojantiems chirurgijos ir ortopedijos studijų dalykus, žemės ūkio srities magistrantams bei doktorantams, veterinarijos gydytojams. Veterinarinės anatomijos literatūros studijoms lietuvių kalba labai trūksta, o vos keli išleisti vadovėliai mena praeitą šimtmetį. Manome, kad šis leidinys atitiks šiuolaikinės veterinarinės medicinos poreikius savo turiniu, struktūra bei iliustracijomis ir padės studentams geriau įsisavinti veterinarinės osteologijos žinias. Šiame naujame leidinyje išsamiai apžvelgta mėsėdžių griaučių struktūra, kuri iki šiol nebuvo labai akcentuojama, tačiau laikui bėgant tapo viena aktualiausių ir labiausiai tiriamų sričių veterinarinėje praktikoje. Studentams osteologija yra vienas pirmųjų prisilietimų prie veterinarinės anatomijos mokslo, todėl svarbu užtikrinti, kad šis įspūdis neišblėstų ir motyvuotų toliau semtis anatomijos žinių. Knygoje pateikiama išsami ašinių ir pridėtinių griaučių anatominė sandara, nagrinėjami visų aktualiausių naminių gyvūnų – atrajotojų (galvijų, avių, ožkų), arklių, kiaulių, mėsėdžių (šunų ir kačių) rūšiniai skirtumai. Knyga gausiai iliustruota geros kokybės nuotraukomis, kurių didžioji dalis yra nufotografuota pačių autorių. Pateikiami anatomijos terminai (lietuvių ir lotynų kalbomis) suderinti su „Veterinarinės anatomijos, histologijos ir embriologijos terminų žodynu“ (2013).

[...]. Tyrimo tikslas. Nustatyti neurosonografinių galvos ir kaklo arterijų parametrų vertę prognozuojant demenciją lengvą kognityvinį sutrikimą turintiems pacientams. Tyrimo uždaviniai. 1. Ištirti lengvą kognityvinį sutrikimą turinčių pacientų demografines ir klinikines charakteristikas ir įvertinti jų ir progresavimo į demenciją ryšį. 2. Ištirti lengvą kognityvinį sutrikimą turinčių pacientų ekstrakranijinės kraujotakos parametrus ir įvertinti jų ir progresavimo į demenciją ryšį. 3. Ištirti lengvą kognityvinį sutrikimą turinčių pacientų intrakranijinės kraujotakos parametrus ir įvertinti jų ir progresavimo į demenciją ryšį. 4. Ištirti lengvą kognityvinį sutrikimą turinčių pacientų miego arterijų sienelių parametrus ir įvertinti jų ir progresavimo į demenciją ryšį. 5. Ištirti lengvą kognityvinį sutrikimą turinčių pacientų miego arterijų aterosklerozinius požymius ir įvertinti jų ir progresavimo į demenciją ryšį. 6. Įvertinti bendrą tiriamųjų demografinių ir klinikinių charakteristikų bei neurosonografinių parametrų diagnostinę reikšmę prognozuojant progresavimą iš lengvo kognityvinio sutrikimo į demenciją. [...].

Aims/hypothesis The aims of this study were to provide a contemporary picture of mortality and causes of death in Europe following a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes made before the 15th birthday, and to examine excess mortality by country for possible links to incidence level or national prosperity. Methods Thirteen population-based EURODIAB registers in 12 countries followed-up 28,887 children diagnosed since 1989, either by record linkage to population registers or through contact with doctors providing care. Results There were 141 deaths in the cohort during 219,061 person-years of follow-up compared with 69.1 deaths expected from national mortality rates, a standardised mortality ratio (SMR) of 2.0 (95% CI 1.7–2.4). The SMR varied from 0 to 4.7 between countries, but showed little relationship with the country’s incidence rate or gross domestic product (US$ per capita). The SMR did not change significantly with attained age, calendar period or time since diagnosis. The female SMR (2.7; 95% CI 2.0–3.5) was greater than the male SMR (1.8; 95% CI 1.4–2.2), although absolute numbers of excess deaths were similar in the two sexes. One-third of deaths were classified as directly attributable to diabetes (many with mention of ketoacidosis) and half were unrelated to diabetes. There was a non-significant excess of accidental/violent deaths (48 observed vs 40.7 expected; SMR 1.2; 95% CI 0.9–1.6) but little excess in suicides (11 observed, 10.2 expected; SMR 1.1; 95% CI 0.5–1.9). Conclusions/interpretation Before the onset of late complications, significant excess mortality existed following the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in childhood, even in recent years. Variation between countries in this excess could not be explained. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00125-007-0824-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorised users.

Chemical analysis of spice, aromatic plants at different vegetation stages can serve for the optimal collection of plant raw material revealing the period when the plant possesses the highest biological activity and accumulates the highest content of biologically active compounds, which could be used in pharmacy, medicine, food or cosmetic industry [1]. The aim of this study was to investigate the qualitative and quantitative composition of essential oils obtained from A. absinthium during different vegetation stages. The object of investigation was Artemisia absinthium L. a perennial medicinal, aromatic plant of Asteraceae (Bercht. & J. Presl) family. A. absinthium is widely used in the Lithuanian folk medicine mainly for stomachic and anthelmintic activity, also for healing gall-bladder and kidneys diseases, against insomnia, diarrhea [3, 5, 6, 7]. Raw material of A. absinthium was collected during different vegetation stages of vegetation cycle in Spice − Melliferous plants collection ex situ of Botanical Garden at Vytautas Magnus University in 2018. Five stages have been separated: growth and leaf production, flower bud development, beginning of the flowering, massive flowering, end of the flowering [4]. The essential oils have been extracted by hydrodistillation method and analysed by the chromatographic techniques in the gas phase and chromatography in gas phase coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) so as to determine their chemical composition. The percentage composition of the essential oils was computed from GC peak areas without correction factors. Qualitative analysis was based on a comparison of retention times, indexes and mass spectra with the corresponding data in the literature [2] and computer mass spectra libraries. There were studied 5 samples of A. absinthium considering different vegetation stages. A total of 81 different compounds were found in the essential oils. The data showed the...[...].

Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a molecular chaperone with over 200 identified client proteins. This chaperone protein is crucial for protein folding and stabillization and interfere in many pathways of cancer cells, therefore it is a potential target for anticancer therapy. Hsp90 inhibitors bind to the N-terminal ATP domain of Hsp90, and several of them have entered clinical trials. Recent studies show that Hsp90 inhibitors in combination with clinically used chemotherapeutic agents may act synergistically, therefore such effect can reduce the dose and toxicity of used drugs, and minimize or delay the induction of drug resistance [1]. The aim of our study was to evaluate activity of different combinations of two Hsp90 inhibitors (ICPD47 and ICPD62) and three anticancer agents (gemcitabine, 5fluorouracil and doxorubicin) against pancreatic cancer cells. The effect of Hsp90 inhibitors, other agents and different combinations on cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay in two pancreatic cancer cell lines: MIA PaCa-2 and Panc-1. The type of combination effect was determined by calculating combination index (CI), using CompuSyn software based on Chou-Talalay method [2]. Synergism was considered when CI < 1, antagonism when CI > 1, and CI value of 1 defined an additive effect of the drug combination. Results. Among tested Hsp90 inhibitors ICPD62 had the greatest effect on cell viability (EC50 values after 72 h on MIA PaCa-2 and Panc-1 were 0.446 ± 0.06 µM and 0.41 ± 0.08 µM, respectively) and among other anticancer agents doxorubicin showed the greatest effect on cell viability (EC50 values after 72 h on MIA PaCa-2 and Panc-1 were 0.076 ± 0.03 µM and 0.074 ± 0.02 µM, respectively). The combination of ICPD47 and gemcitabine with concentration ratio 5:1, showed the greatest synergistic activity in MIA PaCa-2 cell line (CI = 0.192, when fa = 0.5), and the combination of ICPD62 and gemcitabine with concentration rat[...].

Aims/hypothesis The aims of this study were to provide a contemporary picture of mortality and causes of death in Europe following a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes made before the 15th birthday, and to examine excess mortality by country for possible links to incidence level or national prosperity. Methods Thirteen population-based EURODIAB registers in 12 countries followed-up 28,887 children diagnosed since 1989, either by record linkage to population registers or through contact with doctors providing care. Results There were 141 deaths in the cohort during 219,061 person-years of follow-up compared with 69.1 deaths expected from national mortality rates, a standardised mortality ratio (SMR) of 2.0 (95% CI 1.7–2.4). The SMR varied from 0 to 4.7 between countries, but showed little relationship with the country’s incidence rate or gross domestic product (US$ per capita). The SMR did not change significantly with attained age, calendar period or time since diagnosis. The female SMR (2.7; 95% CI 2.0–3.5) was greater than the male SMR (1.8; 95% CI 1.4–2.2), although absolute numbers of excess deaths were similar in the two sexes. One-third of deaths were classified as directly attributable to diabetes (many with mention of ketoacidosis) and half were unrelated to diabetes. There was a non-significant excess of accidental/violent deaths (48 observed vs 40.7 expected; SMR 1.2; 95% CI 0.9–1.6) but little excess in suicides (11 observed, 10.2 expected; SMR 1.1; 95% CI 0.5–1.9). Conclusions/interpretation Before the onset of late complications, significant excess mortality existed following the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in childhood, even in recent years. Variation between countries in this excess could not be explained. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00125-007-0824-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorised users.

Chemical analysis of spice, aromatic plants at different vegetation stages can serve for the optimal collection of plant raw material revealing the period when the plant possesses the highest biological activity and accumulates the highest content of biologically active compounds, which could be used in pharmacy, medicine, food or cosmetic industry [1]. The aim of this study was to investigate the qualitative and quantitative composition of essential oils obtained from A. absinthium during different vegetation stages. The object of investigation was Artemisia absinthium L. a perennial medicinal, aromatic plant of Asteraceae (Bercht. & J. Presl) family. A. absinthium is widely used in the Lithuanian folk medicine mainly for stomachic and anthelmintic activity, also for healing gall-bladder and kidneys diseases, against insomnia, diarrhea [3, 5, 6, 7]. Raw material of A. absinthium was collected during different vegetation stages of vegetation cycle in Spice − Melliferous plants collection ex situ of Botanical Garden at Vytautas Magnus University in 2018. Five stages have been separated: growth and leaf production, flower bud development, beginning of the flowering, massive flowering, end of the flowering [4]. The essential oils have been extracted by hydrodistillation method and analysed by the chromatographic techniques in the gas phase and chromatography in gas phase coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) so as to determine their chemical composition. The percentage composition of the essential oils was computed from GC peak areas without correction factors. Qualitative analysis was based on a comparison of retention times, indexes and mass spectra with the corresponding data in the literature [2] and computer mass spectra libraries. There were studied 5 samples of A. absinthium considering different vegetation stages. A total of 81 different compounds were found in the essential oils. The data showed the...[...].

Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a molecular chaperone with over 200 identified client proteins. This chaperone protein is crucial for protein folding and stabillization and interfere in many pathways of cancer cells, therefore it is a potential target for anticancer therapy. Hsp90 inhibitors bind to the N-terminal ATP domain of Hsp90, and several of them have entered clinical trials. Recent studies show that Hsp90 inhibitors in combination with clinically used chemotherapeutic agents may act synergistically, therefore such effect can reduce the dose and toxicity of used drugs, and minimize or delay the induction of drug resistance [1]. The aim of our study was to evaluate activity of different combinations of two Hsp90 inhibitors (ICPD47 and ICPD62) and three anticancer agents (gemcitabine, 5fluorouracil and doxorubicin) against pancreatic cancer cells. The effect of Hsp90 inhibitors, other agents and different combinations on cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay in two pancreatic cancer cell lines: MIA PaCa-2 and Panc-1. The type of combination effect was determined by calculating combination index (CI), using CompuSyn software based on Chou-Talalay method [2]. Synergism was considered when CI < 1, antagonism when CI > 1, and CI value of 1 defined an additive effect of the drug combination. Results. Among tested Hsp90 inhibitors ICPD62 had the greatest effect on cell viability (EC50 values after 72 h on MIA PaCa-2 and Panc-1 were 0.446 ± 0.06 µM and 0.41 ± 0.08 µM, respectively) and among other anticancer agents doxorubicin showed the greatest effect on cell viability (EC50 values after 72 h on MIA PaCa-2 and Panc-1 were 0.076 ± 0.03 µM and 0.074 ± 0.02 µM, respectively). The combination of ICPD47 and gemcitabine with concentration ratio 5:1, showed the greatest synergistic activity in MIA PaCa-2 cell line (CI = 0.192, when fa = 0.5), and the combination of ICPD62 and gemcitabine with concentration rat[...].